Proposal for funding the web program organized by NITS

Proposal for funding the web program organized by NITS

To
The Coordinator
Nobel College
Sinamangal Kathmandu.

Respected sir,

We NITS group respectfully submits our proposal to you for the support of Web Designing Program.

Web designing is an innovative program that bridges the technological gap between course and the real world. We have organized the web development program from which all participants are getting benefits. This particular proposal seeks funding for the program organized. This program is the cornerstone of our education and our strategy to bring technological ability to all students.

To reach our mission, NITS seeks help from the administration. We look forward to exploring the possibilities with you. Thank you for considering our request.

Sincerely,

Mr. Rupak Nepali
Vice President
NITS


Executive Summary
NITS seeks Rs10,000 to fund an innovative web designing program. The program is serving 20 students and will help thousand after completing the training. This training is provided at low cost and help student financially. It helps to explore the student and help them to compete the dynamic world.

Overview
NITS’s mission is to bridge the technological gap between educational course and the real world. NITS is going to offer a broad range of technology-related services that aim to allow all student in our Nobel college to take advantage of the educational and economic opportunities created by information technologies.

Description of Programs
NITS works to bring computer access and education and economic opportunity to all Nobelian.
EDUCATION:
NITS operates an called Web designing training and runs an education program that offers computer classes to Nobelian. Our computer education program teaches classes that range from Introduction to Computers to HTML to graphic design. This proposal seeks funding for our classes that target all the Nobelian.
ACCESS:
To ensure that everyone in Nobelian has access to computer-related technologies, we operate this program making a team which is running this program. This program operates for 40 days. It offers graphic design, php, css, mysql, html tags, computer tutorials and technical support.

Project Description
NITS seeks Rs10,000 to fund its computer education classes. Our approach is very aggressive in targeting since we believe that the earlier a person is introduced to technology the more open and creative they will be in their efforts to utilize technology for their educational and economic advancement. In order to cultivate this willingness to learn about and utilize information technologies, we have developed an educational approach that incorporates the following elements:

*Participation of all faculty students:
We are working in the team so everyone has to participate in the knowledge based training. Each will gain the right information by working in the team.
*Project-based approach:
Each of our classes takes the form of a project. While working on a project, students develop a variety of skills. We believe that the project approach provides a meaning and a context to the learning process. Projects explore topics that enhance school-based learning. The finished project for a class can be a computer slide-show, an oral presentation or a web page.
*Flexibility:
Because we are a team-based group, we have the opportunity to explore issues that may not be a part of the standard college curriculum. Although we have learning objectives and lessons plans for all classes, we have the opportunity to explore issues that come up in the course of a class and to "deviate" from the curriculum when it is appropriate.
*Technology as a tool:
Although technology literacy is one of the goals of our classes, we believe that technology is a powerful enabling tool that can support critical thinking and other developmental skills.

Project Evaluation
While the content varies from class to class, we will measure our success in achieving the programs' goals in the following ways:
By keeping attendance sheets for all classes:
Attendance sheets will be compiled into program reports.
By conducting presentation:
With the presentation of the project of each team will be presented by the end which will make all students capable.

Budgets
NITS requests Rs 10,000-one-half of our budget for computer classes. Our total budget for computer classes is Rs20,000.

Conclusion
With the coordination of management and college we can organize many program and help the Nobelian the competitive student in all field. We seek help from the college and management.

Tihar Dipawali

Nepali Essay Of Tihar in Nepali language:

हिन्दुहरुको दोस्रो ठूलो चाड तिहार मृत्युका देवता यमराजसँग सम्बन्धित र पाँच दिन सम्म मनाइने भएकोले यस चाडलाई यमपन्चक पनि भनिन्छ। यो चाड वैदिककाल देखी नै शुरु भएको मानिन्छ। एक पटक असुर राजा बलीले अश्वमेघ यज्ञ गरीमागे जति दान दिने प्रतिज्ञा गरे पछि राजा बलीको घमन्ड चुर गर्न वटु बामन अवतार लिई आउनु भएका भगवान बिष्णुले भिक्षा स्वरुप आफ्नो तिन पाउ बराबरको जमिन माग्नुभराजा बलीले उत्त भिक्षादिन प्रतिज्ञा गरे पछि भगवान बिष्णुले पक पाउले सारा पृथ्बी नाप्नु भयो,अर्को पाउले स्वर्ग तथा अन्तरिक्ष सारा पृथ्बी नाप्नु भयो र तेस्रो पाउ राख्ने ठाँउ नहुदा राजा बलीले आफ्नो वचनको मर्यादा राख्न आफ्नै शिरमा तेस्रो पाउ राख्न बिन्ति गरेछ यो देखेर भगवान बिष्णु खुसी भई राजा बलीलाई सतल नामको लोक दिने र आफु स्यंम वलीको पाले घेरामा ४ महिनासम्म सुत्ने र कार्तिक पक्षको अन्तिम पाँच दिन तिनै लोकको राज्य भोग गर्न पाउने बरदान दिए। यहि पाँच दिनलाई मान्छे र देवताको राज्यकाल भन्दा फरक असुर राजा बलीको राज्य भनी चिनाउनघरआँगन सफा गरी , झकिझकाउ गरी हर्षोउल्लासका साथ मनाउने र यसो गरेपछी माता लक्ष्मी खुसी भइ सबैको घरमा बास बस्ने तथा यमताजले पनि आफ्नो राज्य छोड्नु पर्ने हुदा उत्त फुर्सदको समयलाई आफ्नी बहिनी यमुनाको घरमा गई रमाइलो गरी बिताई अन्तिम दिनको बिदाको समयमाबहिनीले दाजुलाई टिकालगाई पुजा गर्ने र बहिनीले दाजूलाई यथासक्य वस्त्र आभुषण दिइ खुसी बनाएको भन्ने कथन रहिआएको छ।यमपनञ्चकको पहिलो दिन यमराजको दुतको रुपमा कागलाई पुजा गरिन्छ। दाल, भात, तरकारी कागलाई खुवाइन्छ र राती घरका ढोकाहरुमा दियो बाली तिहार पर्वलाई आह्वान गरिन्छ। यस्तै दोस्रो दिन यमराजको अनुचर कुकुरको पुजा गरिन्छ।

कुकुरले घर गोठ आदि रुङग्ने भएकोले पनि पुजा गरिन्छ। यस दिनको रात्रीमा पनि दियो बालिन्छ। सामुन्द्रिक पुत्री र धनकी देवी लक्ष्मीलाई वैदिककाल देखिनै धनधान्य तथा ब्यापार बृ द्दिको लागी पुज्दै आएको पाइन्छ।त्यसैले तिहारको दिन घरआँगन विषेश सासफाइ गरि , गोबरले लिपपोत गरि शुद्द बनाई फुलमालाले सजाई माता लक्ष्मीको आवह्रान गरिन्छ। माता लक्ष्मीको वाहान लाटेकोसेरो भएको हुदाँ माता लक्ष्मी राती मात्र विचरण गर्नुहुने भएकोले सबैले आआफ्नो घर आँगनमा धूपबत्ती बालेर उज्ज्यालो पारेका हुन्छन्। पुजाको दिनमा आफ्नो ढिकुटी, भन्डारहरुमा लक्ष्मीको फोटोराखी पुजा अर्चना गरिन्छ। माता लक्ष्मीलाई आफ्नो घरको बाटो देखाउन घरको मुलद्दार देखी पाइला बनाएर पुजा स्थानसम्म पुर्याएका हुन्छन। यस रात्रीलाई सुख रात्री पनि भनिन्छ। साँझमा महिला तथा केटाकेटीहरु भेला भइ 'गाईतिहार र भैलो'भन्दै घरघरमा गई माग्छन। यस दिन गाईको पनि बिषेश पुजा गरिन्छ।गाईमाता बाट सम्पूर्ण बस्तु जस्तै दुध, दही, घ्यु मख्खन ,गोबर, मल, गुइठा आदि प्राप्त हुन्छ।गाईलाई सफा सुग्गर गरेर निधारमा रातो टिका लगाई फुलमाला लगाएर पुजा गरिन्छ।यस दिन गाईलाइ मनपर्ने खानादिएर गाईको पुच्छर पुजा गरि समाइन्छ। हिन्दुधर्ममा गाईले मृत मानव आत्मालाई वैतर्णी नदि तारेर स्वर्गमापुर्याउछन भन्ने मान्यता रहेको छ। तिहारको चौथो दिनमा गोरुको पुजा , गोवर्धन पुजा, म्ह पुजा गरिन्छ।यी पुजाहरु बिभिन्नसमुदायले आफ्नै तरिकाले गर्छन।धेरै बर्ष जीवन अस्तब्यस्त भएकोले पानीबाट आफ्ना भत्तहरुलाई बचाउन श्रीकृष्णलेगोवर्धन पर्वत उचाली बर्षालाई रोकेर जीवन रक्षा गर्नुभएको श्रीकृष्णका भत्तहरुले गोवर्धन पुजा गर्दछन्।यस दिन नेवार समुदायमा म्ह पुजा(आफुले आफैलाइ गरिने पुजा) गरिन्छ। नेपाल सम्बतको नवबर्षको दिनमा वर्षभरी राम्रो र सुब्यबस्थितिको कामना गरि पुजा गरिन्छ। म्ह पुजा गर्ने ठाँउमा पबित्र जलले सफा गरेर बिचमा चामलको पिठो, रातो अबिरको मन्डल बनाइन्छ र क्रमैसँग म्ह पुजा गरिन्छ। यो पुजा सबै भन्दा जेठो बाटसुरु हुन्छ।धेरै जसो नेवारहरुले आफ्नो ब्यापार ब्याबसाय यसै दिनबाट सुरु गर्छन। श्रृण चुक्ता गर्ने र लेनदेनको पुराना काम सकेर खाताहरु बन्द गरी नँया खाता खोल्दछन।तिहारको अन्तिम दिन भाइटिका मनाइन्छ। यो दिनमा दिदिबहिनीले दाजुभाइको दीर्घायूको लागि उनिहरुको पुजा गरिटिका लगाई दिएर मिठा मिठा खानेकुरा तथा फलफुल दिन्छन भने दाजूभाइले पनि दिदि बहिनिलाई वस्त्र आभुषण दिने गर्छन।यसरी भाइटिका गरिसेपछि केटाकेटीहरु देउसी माग्न घर-घरमा जाने गर्छन।
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Content Management System ( CMS ) using PHP and MySQL

A Content Management System ( CMS ) is used to add, edit, and delete content on a website. For a small website, such as this, adding and deleting a page manually is fairly simple. But for a large website with lots of pages like a news website adding a page manually without a content management system can be a headache.

A CMS is meant to ease the process of adding and modifying new content to a webpage. The pages content are stored in database, not in the file server.

This tutorial will present an example of a simple content management system. You will be able to add, edit and delete articles using HTML forms.
For the database table we'll call it the news table. It consist of three columns :

• id : The article's id
• title : The title of an article
• content : The article itself

Now that we have the script to add articles let's create another script to view those articles. The script is list the title of articles available in database as clickable links. The article link have the article id appended like this http://www.php-mysql-tutorial.com/examples/cms/article1.php?id=3 One possible implementation of article1.php is presented below : Example : <?php include 'library/config.php'; include 'library/opendb.php'; // if no id is specified, list the available articles if(!isset($_GET['id'])) { $self = $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; $query = "SELECT id, title FROM news ORDER BY id"; $result = mysql_query($query) or die('Error : ' . mysql_error()); // create the article list $content = '<ol>'; while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM)) { list($id, $title) = $row; $content .= "<li><a href=\"$self?id=$id\">$title</a></li>\r\n"; } $content .= '</ol>'; $title = 'Available Articles'; } else { // get the article info from database $query = "SELECT title, content FROM news WHERE id=".$_GET['id']; $result = mysql_query($query) or die('Error : ' . mysql_error()); $row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC); $title = $row['title']; $content = $row['content']; } include 'library/closedb.php'; ?> // ... more code here When article1.php is first called the $_GET['id'] variable is not set and so it will query the database for the article list and save the list in the$content variable as an ordered list. The variable $title and $content will be used later when we print the result page. Take a look at the code below : Example : <?php // ... previous code ?> <html> <head> <title> <?php echo $title; ?> </title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <style type="text/css"> // ... some css here to make the page look nicer </style> </head> <body> <table width="600" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="1" bgcolor="#336699"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <h1 align="center"><?php echo $title; ?></h1> <?php echo $content; // when displaying an article show a link // to see the article list if(isset($_GET['id'])) { ?> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"><a href="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>">Article List</a></p> <?php } ?> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> If you click on an article link the script will fetch the article's title and content from the database, save it to $title and $content variable and print the HTML file . At the bottom of the page we place a code to show the link to the article list which is the file itself without any query string ( $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] )

With this implementation each article request involve one database query. For a heavy load website with lots of articles using the above implementation can cause a very high amount of database-request. So we need a better cms solution to reduce the load. One feasible solution is to implement caching ( cache ) which load an article from the database only once when the article was first requested. The article is then saved to a cache directory as a regular HTML file. Subsequent request to the article will no longer involve any database request. The script just need to read the requested article from the cache directory. Example : <?php include 'library/config.php'; include 'library/opendb.php'; $cacheDir = dirname(__FILE__) . '/cache/'; if (isset($_GET['id'])) { $cacheFile = $cacheDir . '_' . $_GET['id'] . '.html'; } else { $cacheFile = $cacheDir . 'index.html'; } if (file_exists($cacheFile)) { header("Content-Type: text/html"); readfile($cacheFile); exit; } // ... more code coming ?>

First we need to specify the cache directory where all cache files are located. For this example the cache directory is located in the same place as the article2.php script. I mean if article2.php is stored in C:/webroot then the cache dir is in C:/webroot/cache/
The script thent check if the article was already in the cache. An article is saved into the cache directory using a filename generated from it's id. For example if you request the article using a link like this :

http://www.php-mysql-tutorial.com/examples/cms/article2.php?id=3

Then the cache file for the article is_3.html

This filename is just an underscore ( _ ) followed by the article id. In case article2.php is called like this :

http://www.php-mysql-tutorial.com/examples/cms/article2.php

no id is defined so we make the cache file name as index.html
If the cache file is found , the content is read and printed using readfile() and the script terminate. When the article is not found in the cache then we need to look in the database and get the page content from there.
Example :
<?php
// ... previous code
if(!isset($_GET['id']))
{
$self = $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];
$query = "SELECT id, title FROM news ORDER BY id";
$result = mysql_query($query) or die('Error : ' . mysql_error());
$content = '<ol>';
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM))
{
list($id, $title) = $row;
$content .= "<li><a href=\"$self?id=$id\">$title</a></li>\r\n";
}
$content .= '</ol>';
$title = 'Available Articles';
} else {
// get the article info from database
$query = "SELECT title, content FROM news WHERE id=".$_GET['id'];
$result = mysql_query($query) or die('Error : ' . mysql_error());
$row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC);
$title = $row['title'];
$content = $row['content'];
}
include 'library/closedb.php';
// ... still more code coming
?>
As you can see above the process of fetching the article list and content is the same as article1.php. But before showing the page we have to start output buffering so we can save the content of the generated HTML file.
See the code below. Just before printing the html we callob_start() to activate output buffering. From this point no output is sent from the script to the browser. So in the code example below anything between <html> and </html> tag is not sent to the browser but stored in an internal buffer first.
After the closing html tag we useob_get_contents() to get the buffer content and store int in a temporary variable, $buffer. We then call ob_end_flush() which stop the output buffering ( so the page is now sent to the browser ).
Example :
<?php
// ... previous code
ob_start();
?>
<html>
// ... same html code as article1.php
</html>
<?php
// get the buffer
$buffer = ob_get_contents();
// end output buffering, the buffer content
// is sent to the client
ob_end_flush();
// now we create the cache file
$fp = fopen($cacheFile, "w");
fwrite($fp, $buffer);
fclose($fp);
?>

Now that we have the file content we can write the cache file using the filename generated earlier ( using underscore plus the article id ). From now on any request to the article will no longer involve a database query. At least until the article is updated.

TEMPLATES in C++

TEMPLATES

Templates are one of the features added in C++ recently. It is a new concept which enable is to define generic classes and functions and thus provides supports for generic programming and provides flexible
Generic programming is an approach where generic types are used as parameters in algorithms so that they work for variety of suitable data-types and data structure.
A template can be used to create a family of classes or functions. For e.g.: a class template for an array class would enable us to create array of various data-types such ass int array and float array etc.
A template can be considered as a kind of macro when ana object of a specific type is defined for actual use, the template definition for that class is substituted with the required data type. Since a template is defined with a parameter that would be replaced by specific data type at the time of actual use of class or function, the templates are sometime also called vparameterized classes or function.
Class templates

The general format of a class template is:
Template<class T>
Class classname
{
…………
//class member specification
//with anonymous type T
//when even appropriate
……….
};

The syntax for defining an object of a template class is:
classname<type>objectname(arg_list);

#include<>m.h
Const size=3;
template<class t>
class vector
{
t *v; //type t vector
public:
vector()
{
v=new T[size];
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
v[i]=0;
}
vector(T*a)
{
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
v[i]=a[i];
}
T operator *(vector &y)
{
T sum=0;
for(in i=0;i<size;i++)
Sum+=this->v[i]*y.v[i];
return sum;
}
};
Void main()
{
int x[3]={1,2,3};
int y[3]={4,5,6};
vector <int> v1;
vector<int> v2;
v1=x;
v2=y;
int R=v1*v2;
cout<<”R=”<<R<<endl;
float x1[3]={1.1, 2.2,3.3};
float x2[3]={4.4,5.5,6.6};
vector<float> v3;
vector<float>v4;
v3=x1;
v4=x2;
float R1=v3*v4;
cout<<”R1=”<<R1;
}

Class template with multiple parameters:

Template <class T1, class T2>
Class classname
{
-------------------
--------------------// body of class
}

What do you mean by virtual destructor?

What do you mean by virtual destructor?
Just like ordinary virtual functions destructors can also be declared as virtual, whereas constructor cannot be Virtual. When a derived object pointed is deleted, destructors of all its base classes as well as destructor of derived classes are involved if we declare base class pointer as virtual.
But if the destructor in base class is non-virtual then only the destructor of the base class is invoked when the base class pointer pointing to the derived class object is deleted.

//Code of virtual destructor

#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
class parent
{
protected:
char*name;
public:
parent (char*x)
{
name=new char[strlen(x)+1];
strcpy(name x);
}
virtual void show()
{
cout < <"parents name:" < <name;
}
virtual ~parent()
{
delete name;
cout<<"parent destroyed"<<endl;
}
};
class child:public parent
{
private:
char*name;
public:
child(char*x1,char x2):parent(x1)
{
name=new char[strlen(x2)+1];
strcpy(name,x2);
}
void show()
{
cout<<endl<<"childs name:"<<name;
}
~child()
{
delete name;
cout<<endl<<"child destroyed";
}
};
void main()
{
parent *p1;
p1=new parent("parent");
p1->show();
delete p1;
p1=new child (parent from child class:."child");
p1->parent::show();
delete p1;
getch();
}
Output
Parent name: parent
Parent destroyed
Child name: child
Parent name: parent from child class
Child destroyed
Parent destroyed

If we remove virtual keyword in the definition of destructor of base class, the second last output line (“child destroyed”) is not obtained virtual function used in following situation:

It is used when one class needs to delete object of derived class that are addresses by the base class pointer and invoked a base class destructor to release resources allocated to it.

When delete operation is performed on an object by a pointer or reference the program will first call the object destructor instead of the destructor associated with the pointer or reference type if the destructor is defined as virtual.“this” pointer

C++ uses a unique keyword called ‘this’ to represent an object that invokes a member function
This is a pointer that points to the object for which this function was called.
-for e.g. the function call A.max() will set the pointer this to the address of the object A
This unique pointer is automatically passed to a member function when it is called. The pointer ‘this ’ acts as an implicit argument to call the member functions
This pointer refers to an object that currently invokes a member functions
Syntax:
class test
{
Int data;
public:
func(){..;}
func()
{
this->data;
this->func();
}
};
Complex add(complex c2)
{
Complex t;
t.real=real+c2.real;
t.imag=imag+c2.imag;
return *this;
}

Therefore, this pointer can be used to return objects
For e.g.
#include<iostream.h>
Class person
{
Int age;
Public:
person(int a)
{age=a;}
Void disp;ay()
{Cout<<age;}
Person greater(person&);
};
Person person::greater(person &x)
{

If(age,x.age)
return x;
else
return *this;
}
void main()
{
person per(15), per(13);
person p=per.greater(pet);
cout <<”the greater age is :”;
p.display();
}

Output
The greater age is:15

Define JavaScript? List advantages and disadvantages between java and JavaScript?

Define JavaScript? List advantages and disadvantages between java and JavaScript?
JavaScript is a compact, object-based scripting language for developing client Internet applications. It was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages. JavaScript is a scripting language - a scripting language is a lightweight programming language. A JavaScript is usually embedded directly in HTML pages. JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation).Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license. All major browsers, like Netscape and Internet Explorer, support JavaScript. JavaScript was developed by Netscape as Live Script - changed to JavaScript when endorsed by Sun 1993, version 1.0 released with Netscape 2.0. JavaScript is a powerful scripting language that is also capable of performing extensive form data collecting and form processing functions.
For instance, the following is an example of a complete script JavaScript tag:

Advantages of JavaScript
• Cross Browser supporting:
This means that the JavaScript codes are supported by various browsers like Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, and Mozilla etc.
• Platform Independent:
JavaScript codes can be executed in any platform like Linux, Microsoft Windows and many other operating systems.
• Lightweight for fast downloading:
The JavaScript codes runs directly in the client machine. The code should be downloaded all the way from server to the client and this time duration is very minimum and the executing the codes of JavaScript is also very fast.
• Validating Data:
The data can be validated in the two different ways:
 Validating in server side or in server machine.
 Validating in client side or in client machine.
In these two different types of validation of data the second one is much more faster, and this is done through JavaScript.
• Sophisticated User Interfaces:
By
using JavaScript you can create a user interactive interfaces that can
communicate with the user and the Browser.
• In-Built software:
To you don't need any extra tools to write JavaScript, any plain text or HTML editor will do, so there's no expensive development software to buy.
• Easy to Learn:
The JavaScript programmer should know the minimal syntax of JavaScript since it supports many syntax and data types as C and C++.
It's also an easy language to learn, and there's a thriving and supportive online community of JavaScript developers and information resources.
• Designed for programming User-Events:
JavaScript supports Object/Event based programming. So the code written in JavaScript can easily be break down into sub-modules.
Disadvantages of JavaScript:
• Launching an application on the client computer.
JavaScript is not used to create stand-alone application; it is only used to add some functionality in any web page.
• Reading or writing files:
JavaScript cannot read and write files into the client machines. It can only be used as a utility language to develop any web site.
• Retrieving the text contents of HTML pages or files from the server.
• Reading and Writing files to the server:
JavaScript can read and write to any file in the server as well.
• Sending secret e-mails from Web site visitors to you:
JavaScript cannot be used to send email to the visitors or user of the web site.
This can be done only with the server side scripting.
• Cannot create Database Application:
By using JavaScript you cannot connect the web site to the database. For this you need to use server-side scripting.
• Browser Compatibility Issues:
Not all browsers support the JavaScript codes. The browser may support JavaScript as a whole, but may not support the codes or lines of codes written in JavaScript and may interpret differently.
• JavaScript does not implement multiprocessing or multithreading.
• Use printers or other devices on the user's system or the client-side LAN.
• JavaScript has limitations of writing in a client machine. It can only write the cookie in client machine that is also of a certain size i.e. 4K.

What do you understand by CSS? Write the advantages of CSS?

Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple design language intended to simplify the process of making web pages presentable. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation semantics (that is, the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL.

Advantages of CSS:

Flexibility-By combining CSS with the functionality of a Content Management System, a considerable amount of flexibility can be programmed into content submission forms. This allows a contributor, who may not be familiar or able to understand or edit CSS or HTML code to select the layout of an article or other page they are submitting on-the-fly, in the same form.

Page reformatting-With a simple change of one line, a different style sheet can be used for the same page. This has advantages for accessibility, as well as providing the ability to tailor a page or site to different target devices. Furthermore, devices not able to understand the styling will still display the content

CSS saves time –We can write CSS once and then reuse same sheet in multiple HTML pages. We can define a style for each HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as we want. All styling is kept in a limited number of style sheets. The positive impact this has onsite maintenance can’t be overestimated—editing one style sheet is obviously more efficient than editing 10,000 HTML files!

Pages load faster –If we are using CSS, We do not need to write HTML tag attributes every time. Just write one CSS rule of a tag and apply to all the occurrences of that tag. So less code means faster download times. The overall saving in bandwidth is measurable. Since the style sheet is cached after the first request and can be reused for every page on the site, it doesn’t have to be downloaded with each web page. Removing all presentational markups from your web pages in favor of using CSS also reduces their size and bandwidth usage—by more than 50% in many documented cases. This benefits the site owner, through lower bandwidth and storage costs, as well as the site’s visitors, for whom the web pages load faster.

Easy maintenance –To make a global change, simply change the style, and all elements in all the web pages will be updated automatically. The positive impact this has onsite maintenance can’t be overestimated—editing one style sheet is obviously more efficient than editing 10,000 HTML files!

Superior styles to HTML –CSS has a much wider array of attributes than HTML so we can give far better look to our HTML page in comparison of HTML attributes. The separation of content from presentation makes it easier for site owners to reuse the content for other purposes, such as RSS feeds or text-to-speech conversion.

Multiple Device Compatibility –Style sheets allow content to be optimized for more than one type of device. By using the same HTML document, different versions of a website can be presented for handheld devices such as PDAs and cell phones or for printing. Separate styling rules can be used for different output media.

Global web standards –Now HTML attributes are being deprecated and it is being recommended to use CSS. So it’s a good idea to start using CSS in all the HTML pages to make them compatible to future browsers.